Bacterial shapes and arrangement, cell membrane, cell wall, endospores, Demonstrations for staining techniques Nature of dyes. Physical and chemical theories of staining- Staining techniques; principle, procedure and applications: i) Simple staining- negative staining, ii) Differential staining-Grams and acid fast staining, iii) Structural staining- cell wall, endospore, flagella and capsular staining.

Physical methods of microbial control- heat, filtration and radiations, Chemical methods of microbial control- principles of effective disinfection, types of disinfectants, Demonstrations for aseptic techniques

Physical and chemical requirements for growth, culture media- chemically defined media, selective and differential media, study of bacterial growth curve, Demonstrations for media preparation and growth curve

Pure culture isolation methods- streak plate, pour plate and spread plate methods, serial dilution and standard plate count, Demonstrations for Pure culture isolation methods

Screening assays for detection of enzymes-amylase, protease, lipase, gelatinase, Assay of antibiotics