UNIT I

Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Types of Spectroscopy.  Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Emission Spectroscopy and X- Ray Spectroscopy                

Molecular Spectroscopy: IR Spectroscopy, UV Spectroscopy and Visible Spectroscopy Nuclear Spectroscopy:  NMR Spectroscopy

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UNIT II

Microscopy: Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes.  Types of microscopy – Optical Microscopy (Bright Field and Dark Field Microscopy, Phase contrast Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Confocal and Wide Field Deconvolution Microscopy ); Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM).

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UNIT III 

Histology of Tissues: Selection of material, chemical fixation, fixatives,  tissue dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone,  rehydration, infiltration and embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy (cryotome, cryostat and vibratome). 

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UNIT IV

Chromatography:  Technique, types, applications and limitations.

Techniques based on bed shape- Column Chromatography, Paper Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography

Techniques based on physical state of mobile phase- Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Techniques based on separating mechanism- Ion Exchange Chromatography and Size Exclusion Chromatography                                                    

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UNIT V

Microbiological techniques: Sterilization and disinfection, Simple and Complex Media, Preparation of media -solid and liquid media, nutrient agar slabs, slants and plates, Staining techniques, simple and differential staining, Instrumentation,  Inoculation, Pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate method.          

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