Advance Paper II Paper IV: Cancer Biology

Unit I

BIOLOGY OF CANCER

Cell cycle, cancer and apoptosis, the nature and types of cancer. Proto oncogenes, cellular oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes, Viral oncogenes and cancer.Tumor immunology.

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Unit II

TOXICITY AT CELLULAR LEVEL AND ENZYMOLOGY INVOLVED

Mechanism of toxicity: toxicity of O_2, xenobiotics, mutagens and carcinogens

Multistage carcinogenesis: chemical carcinogens-genotoxic, nongenotoxic and inorganic carcinogens

Biotransformation of xenobiotics through liver detoxification (Phase I and II).

Mechanism of repair (molecular and cellular), toxicity resulting from inappropriate repair

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Unit III

PRINCIPLES OF CANCER SCREENING

Screening of cancer and the biases of screening, screening of specific cancers. Detection of recognized genetic aberrations in clinical samples from cancer patients; types of cancer-causing alterations revealed by next-generation sequencing of clinical isolates.

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Unit IV

PRINCIPLES OF CANCER TREATMENT AND CHEMOPREVENTION OF CANCER

Predictive biomarkers for personalized onco-therapy of human diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia, colon, breast, lung cancer and melanoma as well as matching targeted therapies with patients and preventing toxicity of standard systemic therapies.

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Unit V

TEST SYSTEMS/ASSAYS USED IN CANCER

Carcinogenicity assessment: short term tests for mutagenicity, chronic testing for carcinogenicity and transgenic animals in carcinogenicity assessment. Assays for detecting genetic alterations: DNA damage and repair assays, genetic alteration in mammals, mammalian cytogenetic assays, germ cell mutagenesis

New approaches to genetic toxicology

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