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UNITS
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TOPICS
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TEACHING HOURS
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Unit I
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- Research: Meaning, Definition, Methodology, research processes, criteria of good research.
- Types of research: Fundamental or basic, applied, Historical, descriptive, analytical, qualitative, quantitative, experimental, conceptual, case study.
- Research design: Meaning, concepts, need, designs for different types of research.
- Research problem and developing research proposal: Selection of research area and topic, statement of the research problem, its scope, steps involved in defining the problem.
- Literature search: reviewing related literature, referencing, abstracting, computer search, bibliography, evaluation of the problem.
- Defining concepts: objectives, basic assumptions delimitations and limitations of the problem, statement of hypothesis.
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12
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Unit II
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- Variables: independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, methods of controlling variables. Measurement of variables.
- Sampling: Meaning, characteristics of good sample design, steps in sample design, types and advantages.
- Techniques of data collection:
primary data; Questionnaire, schedules, interview, observation and other methods
Secondary data: Reliability, suitability and adequacy of data
- Processing and analysis of data: Processing operations: editing, coding, classification and tabulation of data, role of statistics in data analysis, statistical tables.
- Report writing: types, format
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12
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Unit III
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- Theory of probability: Probability sampling. Simple, random, systematic random sampling. Two stage and multistage sampling. Cluster sampling, Non probability sampling: purposive, quota an volunteer sampling, snow ball sampling.
- Common distribution function: binomial probability distribution, Poisson distribution and normal distribution curve.
- Standard deviation, Standard error
- Test of significance: t-test, chi-test, ANOVA, F-test,
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12
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Unit IV
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- Microscopy: Light, dark field, phase contrast, interference, polarization, florescence, transmission and scanning electron microscope, Confocal, Deconvolution.
- Separation Techniques:
- Chromatography - Thin layer chromatography, absorption column chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Size exclusion Chromatography.
- Electrophoresis SDS-PAGE, Agarose Gels, Electrofocusing, Capillary.
- Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, zonal and isopycnic separation (Brief account).
- Modern tools for inventory, monitoring and conservation of biodiversity : GIS and GPS.
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12
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Unit V
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- Spectrophotometry: Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Flame emission spectroscopy.
- P.C.R. and Types
- Inverse PCR
- Anchored PCR.
- PCR for site directed mutagenesis.
- Cloning and expression of the PCR product.
- Asymmetric PCR for DNA sequencing.
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12
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