Paper IV: CANCER BIOLOGY

Cell cycle and cancer, the nature and types of cancer
Cellular oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes: DNA viruses, retroviruses, proto oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, pRb and control of the cell cycle clock, p53 and apoptosis
Tumor immunology: immune mediated disease (hypersensitivity and autoimmunity)

Mechanism of toxicity: toxicity of O2, xenobiotics, mutagens and carcinogens

Multistage carcinogenesis: chemical carcinogens-genotoxic, nongenotoxic and inorganic carcinogens
Biotransformation of xenobiotics through liver detoxification (Phase I and II)
Mechanism of repair (molecular and cellular), toxicity resulting from inappropriate repair

Natural history of cancer therapy, ethical and philosophical issues
Treatment available: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological therapy, gene therapy

Screening of cancer and the biases of screening, screening of specific cancers

Chemoprevention: Chemopreventive agents from natural products, preclinical animal model selection, phytopharmaceuticals in cancer chemoprevention

Carcinogenicity assessment: short term tests for mutagenicity, chronic testing for carcinogenicity and transgenic animals in carcinogenicity assessment

Assays for detecting genetic alterations: DNA damage and repair assays, genetic alteration in mammals, mammalian cytogenetic assays, germ cell mutagenesis
New approaches to genetic toxicology