Paper IV: Microbiology (Advance Paper-II)

Microbial evolution, systematic and taxonomy-Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; primitive organisms, their metabolic strategies and molecular coding; approaches to bacterial taxonomy, DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization, G+C content determination, ribotyping, Ribosomal RNA sequencing; Characteristics of primary domains, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Bergey's Manual. Culture collection, maintenance and preservation of microorganisms.

Hyperthermophiles, halophiles halophilic thermophiles.

Heat, cold and deep sea adaptations. Exploitation of extremophiles in medicine, agriculture and industries

Culture methods: isolation and enumeration of bacteria, media for bacteria, culture methods of algae, fungi and viruses.

Physiological methods: carbon respiration, incorporation of radiolabelled traces  into cellular macromolecules, adenylate energy charges, enzyme assays stable isotope probing, functional genomics and proteomics –based approaches

Microbial habitats in aquatic environments (planktonic, Benthic, microbial mats, biofilms).Aquatic environments; (fresh water, brackish water, marine water, subterranean).

Micro flora of various soil types, Culture methods for enumeration of soil microorganisms, physiochemical characteristics, soil as a microbial environment microorganism in surface soil, shallow & in the deep subsurface.